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经营虚拟货币交易所,构成开设赌场罪吗?

明明 2023-07-12 11

区块链技术背景下,由于虚拟货币具有去中心化,匿名性等特征,被作为网赌等黑灰产支付结算渠道越来越普遍。近日,有朋友咨询,某虚拟货币交易所被公安以开场赌场的罪名立案侦查。

在虚拟货币交易所经营过程中,可能会涉及到的开设赌场罪相关刑事风险有哪些情形呢?本文对此进行探讨。

01 为赌博网站提供支付结算服务

虚拟货币交易所涉嫌开设赌场罪名较为常见的情形,是为赌博网站提供资金支付结算服务。

笔者曾介绍过“跑分洗钱”的概念,网赌犯罪分子寻找兼职跑分人员买卖虚拟货币,再由跑分人员提现到跑分平台的钱包地址。跑分人员为上游开设赌场犯罪提供支付结算的“跑分”行为,会涉及到开设赌场罪的共犯。

同理,若交易所本身明知合作的平台方为赌博网站,仍为其提供交易服务,客观上使得交易所成为了赌博网站的支付结算渠道,根据《关于办理网络赌博犯罪案件适用法律若干问题的意见》(以下简称意见)的规定,交易所涉嫌构成其上游网赌平台的共同犯罪。目前虚拟货币交易所竞争激励,一些小的虚拟货币交易所的商务或者销售人员,为了多拉业绩可能会放低对客户的合作标准,从而给自家公司埋雷。

02 交易所开展永续合约业务

本文重点介绍的是另外一种情形:虚拟货币交易所经营虚拟货币永续合约业务。

经营虚拟货币交易所,构成开设赌场罪吗?

永续合约是相对于有交割期限的交割合约(如现货合约,期货合约)而言的,永续合约不设立交割日,没有期限限制。投资者将自己的本金作为保证金,通过交易所提供的甚至高达100倍的杠杆,来获得日后盈利的可能性。杠杆越高,投资者可能的收益或风险就更大。

交易所主要靠收取手续费获得收入,永续合约中可设定高杠杆的做法则会导致投资者面临极大的风险,而交易所可以获得更高的手续费收入。

虚拟货币交易所经营虚拟货币永续合约业务,是否构成开设赌场罪,存在一定的争议。

一种观点认为,永续合约业务构成开设赌场罪。理由在于,投资者通过对虚拟货币买涨买跌,与赌博犯罪中的押大押小来判定输赢,具有相同的性质。

根据《意见》第一条,下列情形构成“开设赌场”行为“建立赌博网站并接受投注的;建立赌博网站并提供给他人组织赌博的……”。

另一种观点认为,永续合约业务不构成开设赌场罪。理由在于,虚拟货币作为公民的虚拟财产,受法律保护,永续合约交易实质上属于金融衍生品交易的一种,不违反法律规定;另外,与赌博中押大押小这种纯粹靠运气所不同的是,虚拟货币的价格波动并非是靠投资者本身的运气决定,而是由市场决定。因此,合约交易并非“赌博”行为,相应的,虚拟货币交易所经营此类业务也不能定为“开设赌场”。

邵律师认为,射幸(是指以他人的损失而受偶然利益之行为)是赌博、期货、合约业务的共同特征,并不能以此作为是否构成赌博犯罪的标准。

认定虚拟货币交易所的行为是否构成开设赌场罪,需要考量以下几个因素:

首先,平台是否能够实现用户间的实时撮合竞价机制。若平台本身存在操纵市场行为,与用户存在利益冲突,则会增加用户的投资风险。

其次,平台的风控措施是否完善。KYC制度是否严格,是否设置交易门槛,是否有相应的风险熔断机制。若平台一味地设置高杠杆,增加用户的风险及收益,会激发更多有赌徒心理的投资客,扰乱市场,以及产生此后难以预估的连锁效应。

再次,是否存在雇佣水军,骗取他人信任,诱导用户参与交易等行为。

最后,是否有操纵后台交易数据,帮助平台获利的行为。

因此,若虚拟货币交易所存在以上4个方面的特征,才有可能涉及开设赌场罪。

03 结语

建议平台方设置完善合理的风控体系,做好对用户的KYC审查以及资金来源的审查,定期对网站进行安全测试,时刻关注不利的舆情和风向,做好用户的维稳工作等,以降低可能产生的刑事风险。



免责声明:所提供的信息不是交易建议,www.hao76.com对根据本页提供的信息进行的任何投资不承担任何责任。本文内容仅供参考,风险自担!

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    $0.400500
    -1.94%
  • BLUR
    BLUR
    1.821045
    $0.251300
    +1.45%
  • 1000SATS
    1000SATS
    0.001712
    $0.000236
    +1.53%
  • DYDX
    DYDX
    9.347985
    $1.290000
    +2.10%
  • CFX
    CFX
    1.106541
    $0.152700
    +1.09%
  • WOO
    WOO
    1.584810
    $0.218700
    -3.26%
  • DYM
    DYM
    12.637896
    $1.744000
    +8.01%
  • ASTR
    ASTR
    0.471747
    $0.065100
    +0.58%
  • RON
    RON
    10.162356
    $1.402381
    +0.06%
  • FET
    FET
    8.978414
    $1.239000
    -0.49%
  • AGIX
    AGIX
    4.450076
    $0.614100
    -0.28%
  • OSMO
    OSMO
    4.019634
    $0.554700
    +3.04%
  • BONK
    BONK
    0.000362
    $0.000050
    +0.36%
  • ROSE
    ROSE
    0.598344
    $0.082570
    +2.00%
  • AXL
    AXL
    5.197190
    $0.717200
    +1.00%
  • AVAV
    AVAV
    0.000000
    $0.000000
    +0.20%
  • ALT
    ALT
    0.822695
    $0.113530
    +2.29%
  • PIXEL
    PIXEL
    1.384082
    $0.191000
    +0.84%
  • JUP
    JUP
    8.013904
    $1.105900
    +12.81%
  • JTO
    JTO
    25.978703
    $3.585000
    +20.74%
  • MANTA
    MANTA
    6.224744
    $0.859000
    +5.98%
  • XAI
    XAI
    1.885539
    $0.260200
    +9.33%
  • PORTAL
    PORTAL
    2.253662
    $0.311000
    +2.37%
  • WLD
    WLD
    15.804617
    $2.181000
    -0.63%
  • ARKM
    ARKM
    14.674163
    $2.025000
    -0.47%
  • PENDLE
    PENDLE
    36.275979
    $5.006000
    -2.26%
  • LOKA
    LOKA
    1.421763
    $0.196200
    +1.94%
  • SUI
    SUI
    25.299705
    $3.491300
    -1.31%
  • MAV
    MAV
    1.367415
    $0.188700
    +1.65%
  • APT
    APT
    87.030465
    $12.010000
    +1.26%
  • RDNT
    RDNT
    0.435515
    $0.060100
    -0.06%
  • HFT
    HFT
    1.420314
    $0.196000
    +0.05%
  • GAL
    GAL
    18.420603
    $2.542000
    +2.03%
  • ANC
    ANC
    0.228337
    $0.031510
    -5.86%
  • HIGH
    HIGH
    10.087128
    $1.392000
    +1.24%
  • MC
    MC
    3.522524
    $0.486100
    +0.43%
  • PEPE
    PEPE
    0.000148
    $0.000020
    +2.06%
  • BICO
    BICO
    2.007281
    $0.277000
    -3.25%
  • BB
    BB
    2.153660
    $0.297200
    +0.27%
  • TRB
    TRB
    486.892335
    $67.190000
    +1.59%
  • AEVO
    AEVO
    2.580479
    $0.356100
    +3.53%
  • PONKE
    PONKE
    4.549851
    $0.627869
    -5.30%
  • TON
    TON
    39.783285
    $5.490000
    +0.80%
  • IOTA
    IOTA
    1.307269
    $0.180400
    +0.00%

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