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专家称激活NFT价值:还需努力

明明 2023-05-11 15

NFT通常译为非同质化通证,是区块链上根据智能合约发行的唯一加密元数据,具有不可替代、不可分割、不可篡改等特点,其与存储在网络中的特定数字内容具有唯一且恒定的指向性,能够准确地标记数字内容的发行信息及所有交易信息。在笔者看来,NFT是一串记录其唯一指向的数字作品信息的抽象代码,用户在交易平台上铸造和交易的对象是NFT,获得的则是该NFT指向的数字作品的部分权利。

专家称激活NFT价值:还需努力

探析数字作品交易平台用户将特定数字作品铸造为NFT并进行交易的行为,应当如何通过著作权法进行规制,需要厘清数字作品交易所涉及的基本事实。从相关司法裁判可知,部分数字作品交易平台铸造NFT数字作品包括以下步骤:首先要上传数字作品文件,然后设定交易条件,之后应支付相关铸造服务费用。完成上述步骤后,铸造完成的数字作品将被存储至平台服务器中。平台用户能够通过数字作品交易平台浏览NFT数字作品,对于特定作品可以申请创建订单并支付,之后就可以成为NFT数字作品新的所有者。购买者可重新设定出售价格,实现该作品的转售并获得收益,所有交易信息都将被记录在该作品之中,能够实现来源追溯。

NFT数字作品的铸造过程涉及数字作品的上传行为,使得铸造者终端设备中存储的数字作品被复制到网络服务器,应受到著作权法中的复制权规制。对于NFT数字作品的交易行为,相关数字作品公开展示在交易平台上,不特定的用户可以在选定的时间和地点浏览,该行为应受到信息网络传播权的规制。然而,上传作品的复制行为是信息网络传播行为的必要步骤,因此,用户的交易行为可以吸收上传作品的复制行为,综合评价为信息网络传播行为。

笔者认为,在网络服务提供者承担侵权责任方面,数字作品交易平台应承担更高的注意义务。数字作品交易平台与传统的网络服务提供者相比存在特殊性。区块链技术的优势在于去中心化、不可篡改和安全性,交易平台基于此搭建起一种新的网络交易信任机制,但这种信任机制的前提是NFT数字作品的铸造者与数字作品的权利人相同。NFT数字作品非实体,假设涉嫌侵权NFT数字作品进行多次转售,将导致众多利益主体产生纠纷,动摇数字作品商业模式下的信任生态体系。

一般而言,数字作品交易平台对于NFT数字作品的铸造、交易具有相当的控制能力和审核能力,上传作品应经过平台审核后才能完成铸造。值得注意的是,针对NFT数字作品的上链、流转、销毁等操作,交易平台均向用户收取费用,并且在每次作品交易成功后收取一定比例的佣金。由此可知,交易平台的收益已经超越普通服务费的范畴,属于直接从NFT数字作品中获得经济利益。根据相关司法解释,该种经营模式下,交易平台对网络用户侵犯信息网络传播权的行为负有较高的注意义务。

对于新领域、新业态下交易平台注意义务的设定,需要平衡行业发展与权益保护。要求平台采取知识产权审查机制和侵权预防机制等措施不会给平台施加过重的负担,却能带来促进NFT数字作品行业良性发展的社会效益。



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    -0.72%
  • JUP
    JUP
    7.995788
    $1.103400
    +13.91%
  • JTO
    JTO
    26.014935
    $3.590000
    +19.26%
  • MANTA
    MANTA
    6.210251
    $0.857000
    +4.90%
  • XAI
    XAI
    1.852205
    $0.255600
    +5.89%
  • PORTAL
    PORTAL
    2.218154
    $0.306100
    -0.24%
  • WLD
    WLD
    15.768384
    $2.176000
    -2.60%
  • ARKM
    ARKM
    14.674163
    $2.025000
    -2.25%
  • PENDLE
    PENDLE
    36.254240
    $5.003000
    -4.36%
  • LOKA
    LOKA
    1.413792
    $0.195100
    -0.19%
  • SUI
    SUI
    25.427969
    $3.509000
    -2.01%
  • MAV
    MAV
    1.359443
    $0.187600
    -0.14%
  • APT
    APT
    86.305815
    $11.910000
    -1.71%
  • RDNT
    RDNT
    0.432616
    $0.059700
    -2.50%
  • HFT
    HFT
    1.409444
    $0.194500
    -1.84%
  • GAL
    GAL
    18.420603
    $2.542000
    -0.09%
  • ANC
    ANC
    0.228337
    $0.031510
    -6.14%
  • HIGH
    HIGH
    10.000170
    $1.380000
    -0.81%
  • MC
    MC
    3.522524
    $0.486100
    -0.53%
  • PEPE
    PEPE
    0.000148
    $0.000020
    -0.68%
  • BICO
    BICO
    1.989889
    $0.274600
    -5.43%
  • BB
    BB
    2.137718
    $0.295000
    -1.85%
  • TRB
    TRB
    484.066200
    $66.800000
    -0.29%
  • AEVO
    AEVO
    2.561638
    $0.353500
    +1.26%
  • PONKE
    PONKE
    4.534709
    $0.625779
    -7.66%
  • TON
    TON
    39.681834
    $5.476000
    -0.33%
  • IOTA
    IOTA
    1.298573
    $0.179200
    +0.00%

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